Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and obesity in children's meta-analyses: reaching wrong answers for right questions.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies assert that sugar-containing drinks may play a key role in the etiology of obesity. However, scientific reviews show contradictory results. Whether there is just association or clear causation still is a matter of debate. It is also subject to discussion whether the quality/adequacy of the different studies may influence their outcome. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore the most recent scientific evidence focused on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and child obesity and to further analyze the adequacy of the meta-analyses in terms of their results, with special emphasis in the methodology, clarity and transparence of their procedures. METHODS: Only meta-analyses of randomized control trial studies were selected. The search was performed on PubMed and Cochrane Website until January, 2016. Adherence to PRISMA was assessed. RESULTS: Six meta-analyses were included. All of them showed some degree of evidence of heterogeneity in theirs pool estimates. Two of them showed a positive association between SSB and obesity but the other four found no association. The adherence to the PRISMA criteria was higher in two of the meta-analyses that showed opposite conclusions regarding the association or non-association of SSB and obesity in children. Thus, there is no relation between the adequacy of the meta-analyses to the PRISMA criteria and the results obtained. CONCLUSION: The use of meta-analysis as a scientific tool still demand more polishing, agreement and spread out use by researchers. SSB are being accused of being a main cause of the existing obesity, but this subject requires a broader approach that includes a thorough analysis of diet and lifestyle and a stronger body of scientific evidence based on data from epidemiological studies conducted in different populations.

Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and obesity in children's meta-analyses: wrong answers to right questions / Consumo de bebidas azucaradas y obesidad en metaanálisis de estudios realizados en niños: respuestas equivocadas para preguntas correctas

Background: recent studies assert that sugar-containing drinks may play a key role in the etiology of obesity. However, scientific reviews show contradictory results. Whether there is just association or clear causation still is a matter of debate. It is also subject to discussion whether the quality/adequacy of the different studies may influence their outcome. Objective: the aim of this study is to explore the most recent scientific evidence focused on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and child obesity and to further analyze the adequacy of the meta-analyses in terms of their results, with special emphasis in the methodology, clarity and transparence of their procedures. Methods: only meta-analyses of randomized control trial studies were selected. The search was performed on PubMed and Cochrane Website until January, 2016. Adherence to PRISMA statement was assessed. Results: six meta-analyses were included. All of them showed some degree of evidence of heterogeneity in their pool estimates. Two of them showed a positive association between SSB and obesity but the other four found no association. The adherence to the PRISMA criteria was higher in two of the meta-analyses that showed opposite conclusions regarding the association or non-association of SSB and obesity in children. Thus, there is no relation between the adequacy of the meta-analyses to the PRISMA criteria and the results obtained. Conclusion: the use of meta-analysis as a scientific tool still demands more polishing, agreement and spread out use by researchers. SSB are being accused of being the main cause of the existing obesity, and obviously they are part of the problem, but this subject requires a broader approach that includes a thorough analysis of diet and lifestyle and a stronger body of scientific evidence based on data from epidemiological studies conducted in different populations

Antecedentes: estudios recientes afirman que las bebidas azucaradas desempeñan un papel clave en la etiología de la obesidad. Sin embargo, las revisiones científicas muestran resultados contradictorios. Si es solo una asociación o es claramente una causa continúa siendo un tema de debate. También se discute si la calidad/adecuación de los diferentes estudios puede influir en sus resultados. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la evidencia científica más reciente enfocada a las bebidas azucaradas y a la obesidad infantil y analizar la adecuación de los metaanálisis en términos de sus resultados, con especial énfasis en la metodología, claridad y transparencia de sus procedimientos. Método: se seleccionaron metaanálisis realizados con estudios de ensayos aleatorios controlados. La búsqueda se realizó en PubMed y en Cochrane hasta enero de 2016. Se evaluó la adherencia a los criterios PRISMA. Resultados: se incluyeron seis metaanálisis. Todos ellos mostraron cierto grado de heterogeneidad en sus estimaciones ponderadas. Dos de ellos mostraron asociación positiva entre bebidas azucaradas y obesidad, pero los otros cuatro no encontraron asociación. La adhesión a los criterios PRISMA fue mayor en dos metaanálisis que mostraron conclusiones opuestas sobre la asociación o no asociación de las bebidas azucaradas y la obesidad en niños. Por lo tanto, no existe relación entre la adecuación de los metaanálisis a los criterios PRISMA y los resultados obtenidos. Conclusión: el uso del metaanálisis como herramienta científica todavía requiere un mayor refinamiento, consenso y difusión por parte de los investigadores. Las bebidas azucaradas están siendo acusadas de ser la causa principal de la obesidad existente, y es obvio que son parte del problema, pero este tema requiere un enfoque más amplio que incluya un análisis exhaustivo de la dieta y del estilo de vida y una evidencia científica más sólida fundamentada en datos de estudios epidemiológicos realizados en diferentes poblaciones

Comparison of beverage consumption in adult populations from three different countries: do the international reference values allow establishing the adequacy of water and beverage intakes?

INTRODUCTION: Recommendations of adequate total water intake (aTWI) have been proposed by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM)of the United States of America. However, there are differences in the approach used to support them: IOM recommendation is based on average intakes observed in NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) and EFSA recommendation on a combination of observed intakes from 13 different European countries. Despite these recommendations of aTWI, the currently available scientifi c evidence is not sufficient to establish a cut-off value that would prevent disease, reduce the risk for chronic diseases or improve health status. OBJECTIVE: To compare the average daily consumption of fluids (water and other beverages) in selective samples of population from Mexico, US and Spain, evaluating the quantity of fluid intake and understanding the contribution of each fluid type to the total fl uid intake. We also aim to determine if they reached adequate intake (AI) values, as defi ned by three different criteria: IOM, EFSA and water density. METHODS: Three studies were compared: from Mexico, the National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2012 (NHNS 2012); from US, the NHANES III 2005-2010 and from Spain the ANIBES study leaded in 2013. Different categories of beverages were used to establish the pattern of energy intake for each country. Only adult population was selected. TWI of each study was compared with EFSA and IOM AI recommendations, as well as applying the criterion of water density (mL/kcal). RESULTS: The American study obtained the higher value of total kcal/day from food and beverages (2,437 ± 13). Furthermore, the percentage of daily energy intake coming from beverages was, for American adults, 21%. Mexico was slightly behind with 19% and Spain ANIBES study registered only 12%. ANIBES showed signifi cantly low AI values for the overall population, but even more alarming in the case of males. Only 12% of men, in contrast with 21% of women, do satisfy the EFSA criterion. The IOM criterion reaches even less with higher recommended values for daily intake. In contrast, 60% of the American population reached the recommended intake of the IOM criterion. However, available data did not allow calculating the percentage reached by the EFSA criterion. Data from the Mexican study did not permit conducting comparisons with IOM or with EFSA. However, the water density criteria (mL/kcal) was higher than 1. CONCLUSION: There is a notable difference between all three populations in terms of TWI. Furthermore, within the same population, values of adequacy of TWI changed signifi cantly when they were assessed using different criteria. More scientifi c evidence is required for the production of better defined water intake recommendations in the future as well as more studies focusing on beverage consumption patterns in different settings.

Comparison of beverage consumption in adult populations from three different countries: do the international reference values allow establishing the adequacy of water and beverage intakes?

Introduction: Recommendations of adequate total water intake (aTWI) have been proposed by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the United States of America. However, there are differences in the approach used to support them: IOM recommendation is based on average intakes observed in NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) and EFSA recommendation on a combination of observed intakes from 13 different European countries. Despite these recommendations of aTWI, the currently available scientific evidence is not sufficient to establish a cut-off value that would prevent disease, reduce the risk for chronic diseases or improve health status. Objective: To compare the average daily consumption of fluids (water and other beverages) in selective samples of population from Mexico, US and Spain, evaluating the quantity of fluid intake and understanding the contribution of each fluid type to the total fluid intake. We also aim to determine if they reached adequate intake (AI) values, as defined by three different criteria: IOM, EFSA and water density. Methods: Three studies were compared: from Mexico, the National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2012 (NHNS 2012); from US, the NHANES III 2005- 2010 and from Spain the ANIBES study leaded in 2013. Different categories of beverages were used to establish the pattern of energy intake for each country. Only adult population was selected. TWI of each study was compared with EFSA and IOM AI recommendations, as well as applying the criterion of water density (mL/kcal). Results: The American study obtained the higher value of total kcal/day from food and beverages (2,437 ± 13). Furthermore, the percentage of daily energy intake coming from beverages was, for American adults, 21%. Mexico was slightly behind with 19% and Spain ANIBES study registered only 12%. ANIBES showed significantly low AI values for the overall population, but even more alarming in the case of males. Only 12% of men, in contrast with 21% of women, do satisfy the EFSA criterion. The IOM criterion reaches even less with higher recommended values for daily intake. In contrast, 60% of the American population reached the recommended intake of the IOM criterion. However, available data did not allow calculating the percentage reached by the EFSA criterion. Data from the Mexican study did not permit conducting comparisons with IOM or with EFSA. However, the water density criteria (mL/kcal) was higher than 1. Conclusion: There is a notable difference between all three populations in terms of TWI. Furthermore, within the same population, values of adequacy of TWI changed significantly when they were assessed using different criteria. More scientific evidence is required for the production of better defined water intake recommendations in the future as well as more studies focusing on beverage consumption patterns in different settings (AU)

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Effect of zinc intake on serum/plasma zinc status in infants: a meta-analysis.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of available randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to evaluate the effect of zinc (Zn) intake on serum/plasma Zn status in infants. Out of 5500 studies identified through electronic searches and reference lists, 13 RCTs were selected after applying the exclusion/inclusion criteria. The influence of Zn intake on serum/plasma Zn concentration was considered in the overall meta-analysis. Other variables were also taken into account as possible effect modifiers: doses of Zn intake, intervention duration, nutritional status and risk of bias. The pooled ß of status was 0.09 [confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 0.12]. However, a substantial heterogeneity was present in the analyses (I(2) = 98%; P = 0.00001). When we performed a meta-regression, the effect of Zn intake on serum/plasma Zn status changed depending on the duration of the intervention, the dose of supplementation and the nutritional situation (P ANCOVA = 0.054; <0.001 and <0.007, respectively). After stratifying the sample according to the effect modifiers, the results by duration of intervention showed a positive effect when Zn intake was provided during medium and long periods of time (4-20 weeks and >20 weeks). A positive effect was also seen when doses ranged from 8.1 to 12 mg day(-1). In all cases, the pooled ß showed high evidence of heterogeneity. Zn supplementation increases serum/plasma Zn status in infants, although high evidence of heterogeneity was found. Further standardised research is urgently needed to reach evidence-based conclusions to clarify the role of Zn supplementation upon infant serum/plasma Zn status, particularly in Europe.

Effect of zinc intake on mental and motor development in infants: a meta-analysis.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to evaluate the effect of zinc (Zn) intake on mental and motor development in infants. Out of 5500 studies identified through electronic searches and reference lists, 5 RCTs were selected after applying the exclusion/inclusion criteria. The influence of Zn intake on mental and motor development was considered in the overall meta-analysis. Other variables were also taken into account as possible effect modifiers: doses of Zn intake, intervention duration, nutritional situation, and risk of bias. Indices of mental and motor development assessed were the Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI). Additionally we carried out a sensitivity analysis. The pooled ß was -0.01 (95 %CI -0.02, 0) for MDI and 0 (95 %CI -0.03, 0.02) for PDI, with a substantial heterogeneity in both analyses. When we performed a meta-regression, the effect of Zn supplementation on MDI changed depending on the dose of supplementation. Regarding PDI, there was a differential effect of Zn intake depending on intervention duration, dose of supplementation, nutritional situation, and risk of bias. Zn supplementation showed a negative, weak and significant effect on PDI score in those studies with a length of 4 to 20 weeks (ß= -0.05; CI 95 % -0.06 to -0.04). In conclusion, no association was found between Zn intake and mental and motor development in infants. Further standardized research is urgently needed to clarify the role of Zn supplementation upon infant mental and motor development, particularly in Europe.